Geroprotective applications of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol through the hallmarks of ageing

Geroprotectors are compounds that target the underlying mechanisms of ageing to delay the onset of age-related diseases and extend both lifespan and health span. As ageing is driven by the accumulation of cellular damage, DNA instability, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation, the concept of geroprotection focuses on compounds that can mitigate these processes. Oleuropein (OLE) and its derivative hydroxytyrosol (HT), both phenolic molecules derived from Olea europaea (olive tree), have gained significant attention as potential geroprotectors due to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These phytochemicals, central to the Mediterranean diet, activate key molecular pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory responses. Through these mechanisms, OLE and HT help counteract inflammageing, a critical factor in age-related dysfunction. This review highlights the role of OLE and HT as geroprotective agents, emphasising their ability to target the hallmarks of ageing and their potential to improve health span by slowing the progression of age-related conditions. With proven efficacy in various biological models, these compounds represent promising tools in the ongoing search for strategies to enhance the quality of life in ageing populations.