Advancing the characterization of induced acoustic events through waveform modeling and processing

As we continue to produce subsurface energy resources and store related waste products, there is an increasing need to closely monitor these activities to ensure they progress safely. Here, one critical aspect is the observation and understanding of induced earthquakes, which can occur as a result of these operations. At the same time, there is a growing demand in marine environments for remote techniques to monitor vessels and guard critical seabed infrastructure essential for the transport and provision of electricity, internet, and hydrocarbons. This thesis examines both induced earthquakes and vessel-induced acoustic events, which are types of induced events that can be observed and analyzed using similar geophysical techniques. It explores new approaches to enhance the modeling, monitoring, and understanding of these induced acoustic events by focusing on three main areas and their associated induced acoustic events: 1) induced earthquakes linked to gas production, 2) induced earthquakes related to CO2 storage, and 3) vessel activity near critical seabed infrastructure. The research addresses real-world challenges in these areas, examining how various physical factors and technical choices impact the performance of local monitoring systems. Ultimately, the work explores and tests novel methods for improving the modeling, monitoring and processing of induced acoustic events. In doing so, it enhances the ability of monitoring networks to more effectively detect and characterize these events, contributing to improved safety of subsurface energy operations and better protection of critical seabed infrastructure.