Deep Learning for Cardiac Overload Estimation　― Predicting B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels From Heart Sounds and Electrocardiogram ―

The eBNP model demonstrated strong potential for non-invasive and rapid HF screening. Its simplicity and objectivity make it ideally suited for point-of-care testing, offering a promising approach for early HF diagnosis and detection monitoring of HF exacerbations. These findings, validated on datasets independent of training, highlight the model's robustness across diverse clinical populations.