Unlocking Europe's resources: the strategic potential of IOM deep sea polymetallic nodules for critical metals supply

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the potential of seabed polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) as a sustainable source of critical metals such as rare earth elements (REEs), cobalt, manganese, lithium and scandium. The methodology involves extensive geological surveys and sampling within the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) exploration area, followed by the analysis of the mineral composition, metal content, and assessment of metallurgical processing possibilities. The importance of critical metals is discussed on the basis of literature analysis. The research confirms that polymetallic nodules in the CCZ are rich in critical and strategic metals with economic potential. Further research is needed to assess the environmental impacts and economic feasibility of deep-sea mining. Practical implications are that the development of deep-sea mining could be a viable alternative to traditional land-based mining, potentially reducing Europe’s reliance on imported critical metals. Social implications of the project are in the sustainable supply of critical metals for advancing green technologies, combating climate change and the goals of the society energy transition. The study provides an evaluation of the potential of polymetallic nodules as a strategic resource, and contributes to the discourse on sustainable mining and resource security in the context of global supply challenges.