Characterization of acute residual pulmonary vein connections using electroanatomic mapping during pulsed-field ablation of atrial fibrillation

Using 3D-EAM, an acute residual connection of at least 1 PV was observed in a quarter of patients after standard PFA delivery and was most common in the left superior PV. Potential mechanisms include reversible electroporation, highlighting the potential need for additional lesions and the value of a mandatory post-PFA "waiting period."