Method for Observing SMOKing and vaping bEhaviours (MOSMOKE): development and validation of a systematic observation tool

This study provides preliminary evidence that MOSMOKE is a reliable and valid tool for unobtrusively assessing smoking and vaping in public spaces. It can be used to evaluate policies and interventions targeting smoking or vaping in specific environmental contexts. MOSMOKE is freely available, with a detailed manual to support its use.