Treatment of <i>Actinomyces europaeus</i> and <i>Clostridium innocuum</i> necrotizing fasciitis: Case report and literature review

It is important to rapidly identify the species for both Actinomyces and Clostridium infections and obtain sensitivity values to help ensure proper therapy is given. Interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentrations is difficult without established breakpoints. Piperacillin/tazobactam resistance has been reported for A. europaeus, while vancomycin resistance has been reported for C. innocuum. For Actinomyces infections, duration of therapy should be individualized and can range from 14 days to 1 year based on patient response and the species.