Thermal microclimate assessment in dairy cow milking parlors: Seasonal variations in temperature-humidity index and implications for heat stress

In-parlor thermal conditions, especially during summer, exceeded comfort thresholds and posed a risk for HS. The study underscores the urgent need to revise livestock housing regulations to include THI-specific standards for milking parlors. Incorporating real-time microclimatic monitoring can enhance animal welfare and productivity in dairy systems.