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Abstract Foreign-born research scholars on temporary visas are essential to the U.S. scientific workforce and economy, yet they face systemic challenges shaped by restrictive immigration policies. While scholars across disciplines have long analyzed the evolution of U.S. immigration regimes and citizenship privilege, there remains a critical lack of quantitative data on the financial, temporal, and psychological burdens associated with visa bureaucracy. Here we present original survey data from more than 700 international postdoctoral researchers at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and its affiliated institutions, revealing how visa-related burdens directly impact scholars and their research. For example, over 40% of scholars reported spending more than a month in their home countries to renew U.S. visas, with 5% spending more than six months. Scholars from Asia experienced longer delays and higher costs than those from Europe. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported mental health challenges related to visa stress, often feeling trapped at work, with some requiring medication and time off. Our findings underscore the urgent need for targeted institutional support to promote research productivity, equitable opportunity, and mental well-being. As the U.S. repositions itself as a global scientific leader, such reforms will be critical to recruiting and retaining top talent and advancing equity in science.