Institutional Racism

This chapter examines institutional racism as a structural force embedded in core American systems. It explores how historical policies, cultural narratives, and systemic practices in education, healthcare, criminal justice, housing, and employment perpetuate racial inequities. Using frameworks like critical race theory, intersectionality, and the Expanded ACEs Study, it highlights the broad impacts of systemic racism on individuals and communities. The chapter also addresses growing resistance to diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Through an interdisciplinary approach, it offers actionable strategies for reform and calls for institutional accountability, community engagement, and sustained commitment to building a more just and equitable society.