– Invited Review – Advancing precision livestock farming: integrating artificial intelligence and emerging technologies for sustainable livestock management

Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) has evolved dramatically from basic monitoring systems to sophisticated artificial intelligence(AI)-driven decision support systems that enhance livestock management efficiency, sustainability, and animal welfare. This review examines the technological evolution of PLF since 2017, highlighting significant advancements in sensing technologies, computer vision, and artificial intelligence. Non-invasive technologies, including RGB-D cameras, 3D imaging systems, and IoT-enabled platforms, now capture detailed biometric and behavioral data in real time, while AI algorithms enable early disease detection, optimize feeding strategies, and improve reproductive management. Integrating these technologies with mechanistic models has created hybrid intelligent frameworks that address longstanding challenges in precision nutrition modeling. Future PLF development will likely focus on integrating large language models, adopting federated learning approaches to address data privacy concerns, and democratizing technologies for small-scale producers. Despite technological progress, challenges remain regarding data standardization, connectivity in rural environments, high implementation costs, and ethical considerations around increased animal monitoring. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among animal scientists, engineers, computer scientists, and social scientists, PLF can continue to drive sustainable and efficient practices in livestock production while ensuring that technologies complement rather than replace traditional husbandry knowledge.