Specialists’ perceptions of clinical instruments, practices, and staging of DS‐AD: Results from an international survey

Personality, social behavior, language, mood/affect, memory, executive functioning, and attention are recognized as key domains of impairment in both mild cognitive impairment in Down syndrome (MCI-DS) and Down syndrome-associated Alzheimer's disease (DS-AD). Ten prominent informant and direct assessment tools were noted as appropriate for individuals with DS and mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) for identifying both MCI-DS and DS-AD; however, for individuals with severe/profound ID, there was less assurance of applicability. Harmonizing recommended tools in a standardized list was identified as a strategy to promote consistency across clinical and research contexts.