Genetic predisposition for morningness-eveningness and economic disadvantage: Evidence from Finland over 25 years

This study reveals emerging, gender-specific inequalities in how genetically influenced chronotype traits relate to economic outcomes. Genetic predisposition to eveningness favoured education but hindered income-especially in highly educated males-via phenotypic chronotype pathways. Though modest, these effects highlight the need for workplace inclusion through recognition of chronotype diversity, public sleep health initiatives, and flexible work structures.