Environmental impact assessment of e-waste recycling in developing countries: challenges and sustainable practices

The rapid rate of electronic waste (e-waste) production creates alarming health and environmental hazards, particularly in developing countries where informal e-waste recycling is predominant. In this paper, a balanced environmental implication assessment of e-waste recycling operations in these countries is undertaken with a focus on exposure to toxic substances, water and land pollution, and air emissions. Gaps in current recycling processes and regulation are revealed through case studies and examination of field data. The study also investigates sustainable recycling technologies and policy initiatives that minimize environmental harm but increase economic benefits. Findings offer policy recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders on how to advance responsible e-waste management and protect vulnerable ecosystems and societies.