Phthalic Acid and Derivatives, 2. Toxicology

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1 Introduction 2 Toxicological Profiles of Phthalic Acid and Its Anhydride, Imide, and Nitrile 2.1 Phthalic Acid 2.2 Phthalic Anhydride 2.3 Phthalimide 2.4 Phthalonitrile 3 Phthalate Esters 3.1 General 3.2 Acute Toxicity 3.3 Irritation and Sensitizing Potential 3.4 Toxicokinetics 4 Individual Phthalate Esters 4.1 Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 4.1.1 Exposure 4.1.2 Acute Toxicity 4.1.3 Metabolism and Toxicokinetics 4.1.4 Repeated Dose Studies 4.1.5 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity 4.1.6 Carcinogenicity 4.1.7 Initiation/Promotion Experiments 4.1.8 Reproductive Toxicity 4.2 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) 4.2.1 Exposure 4.2.2 Acute Toxicity 4.2.3 Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Mechanisms 4.2.4 Chronic and Subchronic Toxicity 4.2.5 Reproductive and Developmental Effects 4.2.6 Carcinogenesis 4.2.7 Genetic and Related Cellular Effects Studies 4.2.8 Human Experience 4.2.9 Standards, Regulations, or Guidelines of Exposure 4.3 Di(2‐ethylhexyl) Terephthalate (DEHT) 4.3.1 Exposure 4.3.2 Acute Toxicity 4.3.3 Metabolism and Toxicokinetics 4.3.4 Chronic and Subchronic Toxicity 4.3.5 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 4.3.6 Carcinogenesis 4.3.7 Genetic and Related Cellular Effect Studies 4.3.8 Other: Neurological, Pulmonary, Skin Sensitization 4.3.9 Regulations 4.4 Longer‐Chain Phthalate Esters (C8–C12) 4.4.1 Repeated Dose Studies 4.4.2 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity 4.4.3 Reproductive Toxicology 4.5 Risk Assessment 5 Risk Management Acknowledgments References <