Improving nasal spray deposition: advances and strategies to overcome anatomical and physiological barriers

The effectiveness of nasal sprays hinges on their ability to deliver medication beyond the anterior nasal cavity to the intended target sites. Achieving this requires not only optimized spray dynamics and device design, but also the strategic use of liquid film translocation following initial deposition. Advances in physiologically realistic models and anatomically guided protocols will be key to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of nasal spray technologies.