Winds of change: a stocktake on progressing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Indigenous contexts

Across the three countries, there was a focus on increasing Indigenous leadership in the development and implementation of tobacco control programmes. For example, in Australia, the Tackling Indigenous Smoking programme focuses on codesigning culturally tailored interventions to address high smoking rates and overcome challenges, particularly in remote communities, while addressing gaps in providing culturally safe supports. Indigenous leadership in tobacco control was also indicated in New Zealand's Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan and in Canada's Tobacco Strategy. However, despite the encouraging progress, absence of Indigenous-specific data and inconsistent reporting is challenging, and more work is required.