Bearing the Test of Time: Analyzing the Evolution of a Tapered Roller Bearing from 1952 to 2022

Abstract Rolling element bearings play a crucial role in mechanical systems. Over the decades, innovations in steelmaking, heat treatment, and manufacturing have greatly improved their performance. The evolution of steelmaking practices alone has resulted in significant advancements in the rolling contact fatigue life of rolling element bearings. Although heat treatment processes have not dramatically changed in the past 50 years, advancements in controls and process capabilities have driven carburized case depth requirements lower. Manufacturing improvements in metrology and machining have led to tighter tolerances and better surface finishes and are attributed with a decrease in torque and increase in the lubrication ratio, both of which result in an improvement in bearing life. This study examines the metrological and metallurgical attributes of two tapered roller bearings of identical part number, one from 1952 and one from 2022. In general, improvements were observed in all examined attributes from 1952 to 2022. Although these improvements were expected, select details in steel grade selection, steel cleanness, carburizing, design, finishing, and assembly are quantified and discussed in the context of their influence on bearing life.