N-cadherin in osteolineage cells restrains breast cancer cell growth via inhibition of a PI3K-dependent, Tgf-β1-driven feed-forward loop

In tumor-associated osteolineage cells, N-cadherin reduces the growth of breast tumors; it also inhibits Tgf-β1-activated PI3K/AKT/β-catenin signalingTgf-β1 produced by tumor microenvironment cells stimulates breast cancer cell growth and further autocrine production of Tgf-β1The anti-tumorigenic action of N-cadherin is mediated by a braking effect on a Tgf-β1-driven, pro-tumorigenic, feed-forward cycle between microenvironment and tumor cells.