A low complexity physics-based aging model for lithium ion cells with solid electrolyte interphase and lithium plating side-reactions

In this paper, we extend our previously presented lithiumion battery model to include electrochemical agingdynamics, considering both calendaric and cyclic agingbehavior. Accordingly, the Equivalent Hydraulic Model (EHM)is augmented with side reactions for Solid ElectrolyteInterphase (SEI) growth and lithium plating. The model isvalidated against experimental results, showing a level ofagreement that allows us to evaluate the effect of variouscharging and cooling strategies under real-world dutycycles. A case study concerning a battery electricpassenger vehicle that operates under changing seasonalconditions illustrates the advantages of using such amodel. Results show that the vehicle thermal management andthe recharge strategy play a critical role in ensuring along and safe operational life. In particular, and inagreement with the existing literature, more frequentcharges that maintain a lower average state of charge,together with a lithium plating conscious thermalmanagement, significantly extend battery lifetime.