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The gradual implementation of legal regulations concerning sustainable agriculture, including the cultivation and use of Cannabis sativa L., in the European Union has heightened interest in this plant species among agricultural producers. This research presents the results of an on-farm field experiment conducted in north-eastern Poland to evaluate the growth, yield and physiological characteristics of Cannabis sativa L. in response to different soil conditions (loamy and sandy soils) and agronomic factors (sowing density, nitrogen fertilisation, and silicon application). C. sativa cultivated on loamy soil exhibited significantly greater growth and yield than on sandy soil, even without fertiliser application. However, sustained production would require nutrient replenishment in subsequent growing cycles. Nitrogen fertilisation increased photosynthetic rate, SPAD (leaf greenness index), and leaf area index (LAI), especially on sandy soil. However, its impact on final yield components (plant height, inflorescence length, dried mass) was minor compared to soil type. Nitrogen significantly boosted photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content (SPAD), particularly at early growth stages. The data indicate that C. sativa can be successfully cultivated on both loamy and sandy soils, but agronomic interventions (silicon and nitrogen applications) are particularly beneficial for sandy soils. In this study, the plants also outcompeted the weeds to such an extent that herbicide application was unnecessary. Hence, cannabis can be considered a low-to-moderate input crop, and can contribute to sustainable alternative agriculture. It is recommended to repeat the present study at a larger scale over a longer term to assess the economic, environmental effects, and after-effects on crop rotation of C. sativa cultivation.