A review of the full-scale constructed wetlands for the treatment and management of winery wastewater

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been demonstrated to be effective solution for treating winery wastewater (WWW). In this paper, worldwide experiences over the last 25 years of full-scale CWs for WWW treatment are gathered. In total, three CWs types were identified: horizontal subsurface flow, vertical subsurface flow and hybrid CWs. The organic and hydraulic loading rate ranged between 15.74-315 gCODm −2 d −1 and 13-313 mmd -1 , respectively. The most common plant species were P hragmites australis, Typha. spp, and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani . In this review, treatment efficiency of CWs is presented as well as their operational challenges and opportunities. • Winery wastewater generates between 1 and 8 L per liter of wine produced. The production of 1 L of wine generates between 1 to 8 L of WWW. • CWs are resilient to winery WWW load and seasonal variations. • 26 full-scale constructed wetlands were identified and presented. • Subsurface vertical flow was found the most common design reported.