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Abstact This chapter presents a synthesis of current knowledge on the horse in Africa in its different facets. The first part of the chapter deals with the origin and domestication of the horse and the ways in which the ancestors of this animal were tamed in Africa (Sect. 11.1 on origins and evolution of horses in Africa). The second part presents a description of the equine sector in Africa (Sect. 11.2) while exploring local and exogenous equine resources of Africa (Sect. 11.2.1 describes major African horses’ genetic groups, while Sect. 11.2.2 presents physiognomy and description of the horse populations in Africa, Sect. 11.2.3 on horse production systems in Africa, and Sect. 11.2.3 on the feral “wild” horses of Africa). The third part (Sect. 11.3) describes the main structures and organizations that manage the equine sector in Africa. The fourth section provides the traditional use (Sect. 11.4.1) and equestrian sports (Sect. 11.4.2), model competition and paces (Sect. 11.4.3), equestrian games (Sect. 11.4.4), traditional sports activities (Sect. 11.4.4), and other service perspectives such as leisure and equestrian tourism, used in army and security forces and in hippophagea (Sects. 11.4.6, 11.4.7 and 11.4.8). The fifth part presents an inventory of research on the biodiversity of the African equine population (Sect. 11.5), emphasizing the main tools used in this context, namely: morpho-biometric (Sect. 11.5.1), immunological (Sect. 11.5.2), biochemical, and molecular biology (Sect. 11.5.3) studies. Finally, the last section presents the current situation of African horse production and reproduction performance and the conservation strategies of the local equine resources (Sect. 11.6). Section 11.7 presents a summary and conclusion.