Into the Rhythm: Experiencing Sound Guidance to Couple Breath with Steps During Running

Running enjoys popularity on a global scale. Locomotor-Respiratory Coupling (LRC) — the synchronization of breathing and step rhythms — has the potential to improve running efficiency and experience. However, achieving and sustaining LRC in dynamic outdoor environments can be difficult. In this study, we evaluated a sound-based LRC guidance system in a field setting with 15 female recreational runners. Participants reported moderate overall satisfaction (~6.5/10), with qualitative data indicating that auditory cues supported rhythm adherence, particularly during fatigue. Our findings confirm the feasibility of sound as a modality for LRC guidance in outdoor running. Building on these insights, we propose five design recommendations for future smart LRC guidance systems that leverage adaptive, personalized feedback to enhance both effectiveness and user experience.