Extraction and Characterization of the Flavonoid Rutin from Traditional Chinese Medicine <em>Flos sophorae immaturus</em>

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long served as a rich repository of natural therapeutic solutions, playing a pivotal role in addressing diverse healthcare needs worldwide. Among the various herbs used in TCM, Sophora flavescens is known for its wide range of medicinal properties. Its application dates back centuries and continues to be highly valued in modern medicine, particularly for its therapeutic benefits in treating cardiovascular diseases. Rutin, a bioactive flavonoid compound, is widely distributed across the plant kingdom, with the highest concentration found in Flos sophorae immaturus. Rutin has been reported to reduce abnormal capillary permeability and fragility and acts as a protective agent for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular vessels. This study presents a detailed experimental protocol for the extraction, separation, and characterization of the physicochemical properties of rutin derived from Flos sophorae immaturus. Additionally, the protocol for the extraction of flavonoids from TCM using the alkali extraction and acid precipitation method is introduced and described.