A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of OCV Hysteresis Effects in LFP Batteries

Over the last few decades, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have become widely recognized for their high energy density, stability, safety, and long cycle life, making them a popular choice in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, a significant phenomenon that affects their performance is the open circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis, which occurs due to the differences in voltage during the charge and discharge cycles. This paper discusses a detailed analysis of the OCV hysteresis effects in LFP batteries, modeling approaches, and its impact on battery performance and efficiency. A detailed review of the hysteresis model of lithium batteries is done and the different factors affecting hysteresis effects are discussed. Furthermore, various models are discussed elaborately such as the empirical, phenomenological, and electrochemical models. A proposed model developed to simulate and predict dynamic hysteresis voltage during charging and discharging, cumulative hysteresis losses in cycles and OCV hysteresis was developed. Finally comparative results are shown with RMSE errors to verify the model. The review highlights the practical implications of hysteresis on battery management systems (BMS), energy efficiency, and state of charge (SOC) estimation for rechargeable batteries. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the understanding of OCV hysteresis in LFP batteries and provide a foundation for optimizing their performance in real-world applications.