Demographic insights into paternal genetic diversity and regional substructure in the Spanish Roma

The genetic landscape of the Iberian Roma is shaped by a complex history of founder effects, admixture, and isolation. The observed genetic substructure and sex-biased admixture reflect historical social dynamics. These results contribute to the broader understanding of Roma genetic diversity and demography in Spain and underscore the importance of integrating Y chromosome, autosomal, and mtDNA data in future studies.