Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) signalling promotes high-light tolerance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Abstract Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is a hyperphosphorylated nucleotide originally discovered in prokaryotes and found in the chloroplasts of plants and algae. In plants, ppGpp signalling plays a role as a regulator of photosynthetic activity, which is important in acclimation to environmental stresses such as nitrogen limitation. However, the full range of stresses involving ppGpp signalling is not yet known. Here, we investigated the role of ppGpp accumulation in the acclimation of plants to high light. We found that the over-accumulation of ppGpp in transgenic lines that overexpress RSH3 (OX:RSH3) increases tolerance to high light intensity. Although ppGpp leads to higher non-photochemical energy dissipation (NPQ) than in wild-type plants, we show that NPQ is not critical for the enhanced high-light tolerance. Rather, our results show that ppGpp accumulation leads to broad changes in plant physiology that prime plants to resist and subsequently recover from high light exposure. ppGpp levels themselves also increase in response to high light exposure, suggesting that ppGpp signalling may play a physiological role in high light acclimation. Our work highlights the importance of ppGpp signalling in plant stress acclimation.