The dual use of artificial intelligence: Analysis of trends and policies in the defence space sector

This article examines the strategic role of dual-use technologies in advancing defence systems and services, with a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) in the space sector. It explores challenges to broader AI adoption and the sharing of space data across civil and defence domains, highlighting their implications for technological sovereignty. From the European Union (EU) perspective, the study analyses geopolitical constraints on enabling space technologies within the contested environment of near-Earth space, emphasizing their critical role in reinforcing AI-driven capabilities and strategic autonomy. The consolidation of space and defence funding under a single budget line of the European Competitiveness Fund within the EU’s 2028–2034 multiannual financial framework provides a foundation for assessing the impact of AI-enabled, dual-use initiatives on EU technological leadership. Despite inherent risks, the rapid integration of AI in space underscores the importance of robust testing and validation mechanisms, which will shape the global positioning of major powers. The article concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen EU defence space capacities and secure its technological sovereignty and strategic autonomy by using AI as a powerful enabling tool.