Salivary Titanium Level as a Non-invasive Biomarker for Peri-Implantitis: A Prospective Study

Salivary titanium ion concentration increased with the severity of peri-implant disease and correlated with the clinical indicators of inflammation and bone resorption. This non-invasive biomarker reflects implant surface degradation and may serve as an early diagnostic tool for peri-implantitis. Regular monitoring of salivary titanium could enhance risk assessment and support timely clinical intervention, thereby improving long-term implant outcomes.