Visualizing the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Through The use of Ammonia Co-Firing

One measure to respond to the threat of climate change is the transitioning away from fossil fuels, which are the current standard, to alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. This shift to alternative fuels is not expected to occur immediately; rather, it will be promoted in stages, beginning with the use of co-firing technology and eventually leading to the exclusive burning of these fuels. To achieve these objectives, it is imperative to comprehend the potential of these new fuels to curtail emissions through the utilization of objective measurement. In this study, we conduct an experiment designed to visualize CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions at the ground level. This experiment serves as a proof of concept for the use of alternative fuels in responding to the threat of climate change and by starting with on-the-ground observations, provides the first step to quantifying reductions in CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions via satellite. In this experiment, the CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> concentration emitted was controlled by altering the mixing ratio of kerosene and ammonia. To confirm these results, an infrared camera dedicated to CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> visualization as well as a reference infrared camera equipped with a filter that is distinct from the absorption and radiometric characteristics of other gases, including CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>, were used, such that the camera was to extract only the changes in CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>. This success in ground based visualization of the reduction in CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions through the alteration of co-firing ratios of ammonia fuel provides the first step towards future visualization of CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions reduction through satellite data.