Building-related symptoms in school environment: Predictability using machine learning approach

Building-related symptoms (BRS) are commonly experienced by students in schools and are potentially affecting academic performance and health. Even though indoor environment quality (IEQ) measurements indicated fair conditions, students still perceived discomfort that led to symptoms, highlighting the necessity of collecting user-feedback about IEQ-complaints. This study aimed to predict and understand the prevalence of BRS ( headache, tiredness, cough, dry eyes-hands ) experienced by students in classrooms using machine-learning (ML) approach based on measurement data, building factors, and prevalence of IEQ-complaints. We collected measurement data (from indoor and outdoor climate), building factors, and user-feedback by students via online-platform across three sampled classrooms each campaign during three consecutive school semesters. Significant input variables for ML were pre-selected using statistical tests. ML models were evaluated based on accuracy metrics and SHAP analysis for input interpretation. Models using measurement data alone performed poorly (testing R² <50%) to predict prevalence of BRS, whereas adding building factors and prevalence of IEQ-complaints increased accuracy (R² up to 95%) of prediction of BRS with lower RMSE. In addition, interpretation from SHAP analysis showed IEQ-complaints especially related with indoor air quality (e.g., heavy air , dust & dirt , and dry air ) as significant contributors for predicting prevalence of BRS. We conclude that the framework of combining objective measurements with occupant-reported complaints can be reliable, interpretable predictions of symptom prevalence. This study is limited by single-school setting, health confounders, and symptoms verification. Future research may contribute to exploring wider set of input variables, applicability, and variation of complaints preference. • Predicting prevalence of BRS is less accurate (R 2 <50%) solely on indoor data • IEQ-complaints and building factors improved ML predictions (R 2 up to 90%) • User-feedback system reinforces the need for participatory monitoring system