Crucial Roles of Different Insulin Therapies: From Short-Acting to Ultra-Long-Acting Analogs

Diabetes is a global disease that is characterized by ongoing high blood glucose levels due to defective insulin production and/or body insulin resistance, or a combination of both.People with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes who experience beta-cell function deterioration need insulin therapy as their main treatment option.Modern insulin analogs follow natural body insulin patterns to provide better blood glucose management and protect patients from developing complications.The post-meal glucose regulation of rapid-acting analogs aligns with their targeted action while long-acting and ultra-long-acting formulations provide stable basal coverage with minimal glycemic fluctuations and a decrease in hypoglycemic events.The development of once-weekly basal insulin represents a novel treatment approach that enhances patient compliance by reducing the frequency of injections.The treatment of type 2 diabetes faces ongoing challenges because of hypoglycemia risks, weight fluctuations, high expenses, and limited long-term availability.This review paper aims to examine distinct types of insulin, ranging from short-acting to long-acting insulin analogs, alongside new insulin approaches, to determine their clinical applications, benefits, and drawbacks for personalized diabetes treatment.The future of diabetes treatment depends on the ongoing development of new insulin products and delivery methods, as well as affordable pricing solutions.