Foliar application of mixed DAMP- and MAMP-oligosaccharides enhances root growth and fruit yield in okra and tomato in greenhouse experiments

ABSTRACT Plants perceive diverse endogenous and microbial molecular patterns that shape their defense, growth, and productivity. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as cello- and xylo-oligosaccharides, and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as chitin-oligosaccharides, are known to promote both development and immunity. Here, we evaluated the combined application of these three oligosaccharides (Oligo-Mix) in okra and cherry tomato under greenhouse conditions. Regular foliar treatment with Oligo-Mix enhanced root elongation and biomass accumulation, and increased fruit number and yield in both crops. RNA-seq analysis of Oligo-Mix-treated tomato leaves showed coordinated induction of photosynthetic genes, components of the translational machinery, cell-wall remodeling factors, and enzymes involved in flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthesis, indicating broad enhancement of metabolic capacity and protective secondary pathways. Together, these results demonstrate that Oligo-Mix functions as a biostimulant that supports both vegetative growth and fruit production, offering a sustainable approach to improving crop performance.