Intraoperative classification of glioblastoma through near real-time stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Abstract Glioblastoma is a highly malignant brain tumor in which maximal safe resection is associated with improved survival, yet the oncological benefit of resection varies by molecular subtype. Recent work has shown that DNA methylation-defined subtypes, particularly receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) I and II, benefit from complete CE (contrast-enriched) resection compared to mesenchymal tumors, highlighting the need for pre- or intraoperative tools that guide resection based on tumor biology. Here, we present iSTAMP ( i ntraoperative S patially-informed T umor A rchitecture M apping and P rofiling) a real-time, label-free molecular classification framework using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and graph-based deep learning to predict glioblastoma epigenetic subtypes intraoperatively (within 5-7 minutes). Across 1,295 intraoperative tissue samples from 236 patients profiled with EPIC methylation arrays, our graph attention network achieved high predictive performance for all major subtypes (AUC range 0.88-0.99), with spatially stable predictions across tumor regions. RTK subtypes, but not mesenchymal tumors, showed significant survival benefit from GTR (HR = 0.42, p = 6.1 ×10 -6 ). Explainable AI methods revealed subtype-specific histopathological features, including necrosis and macrophage infiltration in mesenchymal tumors versus glio-fibrillary matrix or axon-rich regions in RTK tumors. Spatial transcriptomic validation confirmed cellular correlates with defined subtype specific SRH features. These findings support the integration of Raman-based molecular diagnostics into intraoperative workflows to guide biologically informed surgical strategies in glioblastoma.