Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: A narrative review of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches

Abstract Objective : To synthesize current evidence on mechanisms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of infertility in PCOS, with emphasis on phenotype-specific implications and integrative management. Methods : A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2015 to March 2024. Search terms included “PCOS,” “infertility,” “phenotype,” “letrozole,” “metformin,” “gonadotropins,” and “ART.” Eligible studies involved human females aged 18–45 years, written in English, and focused on PCOS-related infertility. Randomized trials, meta-analyses, and international guidelines were critically assessed for methodological rigor and clinical relevance. Results : PCOS accounts for 70–80% of anovulatory infertility, with marked variability across phenotypes. Phenotype A, combining hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, carries the greatest reproductive and metabolic burden. Biomarkers such as AMH, testosterone, DHEAS, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR improve risk stratification. Lifestyle modification restores ovulation in up to 60% of overweight patients. Letrozole is superior to clomiphene, while gonadotropins and ART are effective in resistant cases. Metformin enhances ovulatory and pregnancy outcomes in insulin-resistant women. IVF protocols using antagonists and agonist triggers improve safety by reducing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Psychological comorbidities, particularly anxiety and depression, are frequent and negatively affect fertility outcomes. Conclusion : PCOS-related infertility requires a personalized, multidisciplinary approach. Integration of phenotype-based assessment, bio-marker evaluation, lifestyle intervention, and tailored reproductive strategies optimizes outcomes. Addressing metabolic and psychological dimensions further improves reproductive success and long-term health.