Management of Functional Seizures Practice Guideline Executive Summary

This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for clinicians, patients, and other stakeholders on the management of functional seizures. Following a National Academy of Medicine-compliant process, a multidisciplinary panel conducted a systematic review and integrated the findings with the authors' clinical experience to develop recommendations. A systematic review of the available evidence from first published articles to February 25, 2025, identified 12 Class II-III studies. The review found that psychological interventions are possibly effective in increasing the likelihood of achieving freedom from functional seizures, decreasing the frequency of functional seizures, decreasing anxiety, and improving health-related quality of life and psychosocial functioning for individuals with functional seizures. Key recommendations state that, when evaluating patients with seizure-like episodes, clinicians should seek historical and semiological information (including smartphone videos) from both patients and witnesses and may obtain video-EEG of all typical seizure-like episodes where feasible. Clinicians should evaluate patients diagnosed with functional seizures for co-occurring psychiatric disorders and co-occurring epilepsy. Clinicians should adhere to universal standards of care for patients, including speaking respectfully, refraining from unnecessary harm, and avoiding stigmatizing behavior. Clinicians should provide a specific diagnostic label and rationale for the diagnosis, should engage in shared decision making regarding the treatment plan, and should provide continuity of care to individuals diagnosed with functional seizures. When psychological interventions for functional seizures are indicated, clinicians should counsel patients regarding the potential benefits and risks of these interventions and should refer interested and appropriate patients to these interventions for the treatment of functional seizures. Clinicians should involve family, caregivers, or others in the social support network in the psychological treatment of individuals with functional seizures. Clinicians should not prescribe benzodiazepines or antiseizure medications for patients with functional seizures without co-occurring epilepsy or another indication for these medications and should counsel patients regarding the potential risks and lack of evidence of benefit for using these medications for functional seizures. Clinicians should taper off antiseizure medications for patients with functional seizures and without another indication for these medications. The guideline also identifies gaps in the available evidence and outlines potentially clinically impactful avenues for future research.