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In the era of digitalisation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption is rapidly increasing within the criminal justice system, where predictive policing algorithms, risk assessment tools, facial recognition systems, and digital forensics raise urgent constitutional and ethical challenges. The authors in this article will explore whether AI-powered innovations impact fundamental rights, including constitutional concerns, legal fairness, confidentiality, equality before the law, and the presumption of innocence. The present research compares the legal systems of India and the United States of America to examine the implications of algorithmic opacity, data bias, and automated decision-making. The Puttaswamy v. Union of India ruling, along with Articles 14, 19, and 21, sheds insight into the Indian context. At the same time, decisions on penalty systems and surveillance technology are relevant in the US context. Practical case studies, such as judicial recourse to risk-scoring systems for bail and sentencing in the United States and trial implementations of surveillance-based AI in India, demonstrate how such systems can unfairly target minority groups, worsen discrimination, and erode confidence in the justice system. Ethical analysis questions the propriety of outsourcing important judgments, such as release decisions or suspect identification, to machine-led systems that lack human empathy or contextual subtlety. It contextualises these issues within moral conceptions of justice, autonomy, and human dignity. The article advocates for essential security measures such as mandatory algorithmic transparency, consistent, accurate, and fair audits, legislative oversight, judicial review procedures, and “human-in-the-loop” systems that ensure genuine human agency in decision-making. It emphasises the significance of constitutional morality frameworks that balance AI deployment with constitutional principles and rights protections. Finally, the researcher emphasises that, while AI has the potential to improve efficiency in the criminal justice system, its abuse may jeopardise fundamental constitutional foundations. The article recommends multidisciplinary and policy-oriented frameworks to enable ethical and rights-respecting AI integration.