Population-based epidemiological analysis of acute pyelonephritis and antibiotic prescription in Spain (2009–2018)

Women had a fourfold higher incidence of acute pyelonephritis than men, with a decreasing trend over the study period. Cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in women, while quinolones were more common in men. An increasing trend in cephalosporin use and a decreasing in quinolone use were observed.