Pathophysiological pathways of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to traumatic brain injury: An observational cross-sectional study

The findings reveal distinct clinical and biochemical profiles for isolated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbid with traumatic brain injury, reflecting differences in underlying pathophysiological processes. The data suggest involvement of neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and autoimmune mechanisms in post-traumatic stress disorder pathogenesis-particularly when traumatic brain injury is also present. Identified biomarkers may enhance diagnostic and prognostic tools in combat psychiatry.