From gut to glee: Is butyrate a promising antidepressant? A systematic review and mechanistic insights

BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CRS, Chronic restraint stress; CSD, Chronic social defeat; CUMS, Chronic unpredictable mild stress; DASS, Depression, anxiety, Stress Scales; EPM, Elevated plus maze; FMT, Fecal microbiota transplant; FST, Forced swim test; HDAC, Histone deacetylase; HFD, High-fat diet; HPA, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; ICTRP International Clinical Trials Registry Platform; IL, Interleukin; LDB, Light-dark box; LEIDS-R, Leiden Index of Depression Severity-Revised; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; MD, Maternal deprivation; MDD, Major depressive disorder; MGBA, Microbiota-gut-brain axis; NORT, Novel object recognition test; OFT, Open field test; PFC, Prefrontal cortex; PRISMA Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses; SCFA, Short-chain fatty acid; SPT, Sucrose preference test; SYRCLE, Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; TST, Tail suspension test; ZO-1, Zonulin-1.