Influences of dysfunctional respiratory mechanics on orofacial pain.

This article reviewed the anatomic issues of respiration and the active and passive mechanics of the thorax as related to dysfunctional breathing. Influences from respiratory dysfunction on forward head posture and temporomandibular dysfunction were offered. Discussion of inspiratory and expiratory muscle responsibilities, effects of diaphragmatic dystonia and abdominal weakness, and results of improper coordination and timing of respiratory muscle should all give the dentist and physical therapist an appreciation of the need for careful observation and appropriate treatment with the patient experiencing TMD and dysfunctional respiratory mechanics. Summaries of hyperinflation relationships and treatment considerations should help in the management of TMD.