World Television: From Global to Local

1. A Multilayered World of Television: An Overview Central Issues Globalization and Culture Complexity, Structuration, and Cultural Agents Structural and Cultural Process Frameworks for World Television Roles and Impacts of Technology Asymmetrical Interdependence and Asymmetrical Cultural Interpenetration: A Proposed Model Imported TV Versus Local and National: Producers Localize, Glocalize, and Hybridize Cultural Identification and Proximity Cultural Hybridization 2. Hybridization and the Roots of Transnational, Geocultural and Cultural-Linguistic Markets Precolonial Cultural History and Television Hybridization Emergent Change Versus Hybridization Hybridity and Television The Roots of Transnational, Geocultural, and Cultural-Linguistic Regions and Markets Broadcasting Models: From Colonial to Postcolonial Hybridity and National Development 3. Creating National and Regional Television and Cultural Industries Dependency, the Cold War, and Television Industry Production Cultural Imperialism and Media Imperialism Local Cultural Production Cultural Imports The Nation-State and Television Import Substitution in Cultural Industries Adaptation and Glocalization of Foreign Models The Cultural Role of States: National Security and National Identity Cultural Industries Achieving National Coverage via Satellite Television Above and Below the National Level Glocal Processes and National Identities 4. Creating Global, U.S., and Transnational Television Spaces Globalization, Broadly Defined Economic Globalization Globalization as the Spread of Capitalist Modernity Economic Neoliberalism and American Empire Globalization, Changing National Policy, and the State Global Spread of Market Capitalism Migration as Globalization Transnational Television Asymmetrical Interdependence and World Television 5. Increasing Complexity: The Technology of Creating Global and National Television Spaces Television Technology as a Structuring Force Cycles of Technology Technology and Production Technology and Media Distribution and Flows Satellites TV Technology, Access, and Choice Cable and Satellite TV Relative to Broadcast TV 6. Producing National Television, Glocal and Local Structuring the Producers' World Television Genre and Structure Cultural Industry Producers Economic Boundaries on Television Genre and Program Development Complexity, Patterns, and Genres Cultural Boundaries: Feedback to Producers Complexity, Prefiguration, and Cultural Hybridity Glocalization Localization as Japanization or Brazilianization Structuration and Television Production in Brazil The Hybrid History of the Telenovela National Television Flows and Production TV and Genre Flow Conclusions 7. TV Exporters: From American Empire to Cultural-Linguistic Markets Genre Imperialism? Genres Flowed Before Programs Delocalization Trends Toward Regionalization of Television Overall Trends in Broadcast Television Flows From Program Genre and Idea Flows to Licensed Format Flows Localization of Global and Transnational Television Channels Broadcast Television Genre Flows Versus Satellite, Cable, and Internet Flows 8. Multiple Proximities Between Television Genres and Audiences: Choosing Between National, Transnational, and Global Television Culture-Bound Reception and Multiple Proximities Cultural Capital, Cultural Proximity, and the Audience Layers of Reception Within Brazil and Italy Cultural Proximity Within Culturally Bound Reception Practices 9. Making Sense of World Television: Hybridization or Multilayered Cultural Identities? From Local to Global Multiple Levels of Audience Identity and Cultural Choices The Process of Hybridization Hybridization Versus Multiple Layers of Identity and Culture Multiple Identifications Researching Audiences and Their Identities Cultural Geography: Cultural Distance, Global, National, and Local Identities Language/Culture-Defined Spaces and Markets Multilevel Identities and Social Class Hybridization and Social Class Hybridization: Race and Ethnic Identity Gender Identity and Television Layers of Identity as Boundaries for Choices and Understandings Layers of Identities as Mediators of Media Meaning Reconfiguration and Synthesis of Identities