Electric Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design

Part I: Electrical Design and Analysis Transmission System Planning Introduction Aging Transmission System Benefits of Transmission Power Pools Transmission Planning Traditional Transmission System Planning Techniques Models Used in Transmission System Planning Transmission Route Identification and Selection Traditional Transmission System Expansion Planning Traditional Concerns for Transmission System Planning New Technical Challenges Transmission Planning After Open Access Possible Future Actions by FERC References Transmission Line Structures and Equipment Introduction The Decision Process to Build Transmission Line Design Tradeoffs Traditional Line Design Practice Transmission Line Structures Subtransmission Lines Transmission Substations SF6-Insulated Substations Transmission Line Conductors Insulators Substation Grounding Ground Conductor Sizing Factors Mesh Voltage Design Calculations Step Voltage Design Calculations Types of Ground Faults Ground Potential Rise Transmission Line Grounds Types of Grounding Transformer Classifications Environmental Impact of Transmission Lines Transformer Connections Autotransformers in Transmission Substations Transformer Selection Transformer Classifications References Fundamental Concepts Introduction Factors Affecting Transmission Growth Stability Considerations Power Transmission Capability of Transmission Line Surge Impedance and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of Transmission Line Loadability Curves Compensation Shunt Compensation Series Compensation Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Static Var Control (SVC) Static Var Systems Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) Static Compensator Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor Superconducting Magnetic Energy Systems (SMES) Subsynchronous Resonance Use of Static Compensation to Prevent Voltage Collapse or Instability Energy Management System Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Advanced SCADA Concepts Substation Controllers Six-Phase Transmission Lines References Overhead Power Transmission Introduction Review of Basics Constant Impedance Representation of Loads Three-Winding Transformers Autotransformers Delta-Wye and Wye-Delta Transformations Transmission Line Constants Tables of Line Constants Equivalent Circuits for Transmission Lines Short Transmission Lines (up to 50 mi or 80 km) Medium-Length Transmission Lines (up to 150 mi or 240 km) Long Transmission Lines (above 150 mi or 240 km) General Circuit Constants Bundled Conductors Effect of Ground on Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines Environmental Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines Additional Solved Numerical Examples for the Transmission Line Calculations References Problems Underground Power Transmission and Gas Insulated Transmission Lines Introduction Underground Cables Underground Cable Installation Techniques Electrical Characteristics of Insulated Cables Sheath Currents in Cables Positive- and Negative-Sequence Reactance Zero-Sequence Resistance and Reactance Shunt Capacitive Reactance Current-Carrying Capacity of Cables Calculation of Impedances of Cables in Parallel EHV Underground Cable Transmission Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines Location of Faults in Underground Cables References Problems Direct Current Power Transmission Basic Definitions Introduction Overhead High Voltage DC Transmission Comparison of Power Transmission Capacity of High Voltage DC and AC High Voltage DC Transmission Line Insulation Three-Phase Bridge Converter Rectification Per-Unit Systems and Normalizing Inversion Multibridge (B-Bridge) Converter Stations Per-Unit Representation of B-Bridge Converter Stations Operation of Direct Current Transmission Link Stability of Control Use of FACTS and HVDC to Solve Bottleneck Problems in the Transmission Networks High Voltage Power Electronic Substations Additional Commends on HVDC Converter Stations References Problems Transient Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination Introduction Traveling Waves Effects of Line Terminations Junction of Two Lines Junction of Several Lines Termination in Capacitance and Inductance Bewley Lattice Diagram Surge Attenuation and Distortion Traveling Waves on Three-Phase Lines Lightning and Lightning Surges Shielding Failures of Transmission Lines Lightning Performance of UHV Lines Stroke Current Magnitude Shielding Design Methods Switching and Switching Surges Overvoltage Protection Insulation Coordination Geomagnetic Disturbances and Their Effects on Power System Operations References Problems Limiting Factors for Extra-High and Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Introduction Corona Radio Noise Audible Noise Conductor Size Selection References Problems Symmetrical Components and Fault Analysis Introduction Symmetrical Components The Operator a Resolution of Three-Phase Unbalanced System of Phasors into its Symmetrical Components Power in Symmetrical Components Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines Sequence Capacitances of Transmission Line Sequence Impedances of Synchronous Machines Zero-Sequence Networks Sequence Impedances of Transformers Analysis of Unbalanced Faults Shunt Faults Series Faults Determination of Sequence Network Equivalents for Series Faults System Grounding Elimination of SLG Fault Current by Using Peterson Coils Six-Phase Systems References Problems Protective Equipment and Transmission System Protection Introduction Interruption of Fault Current High Voltage Circuit Breakers Circuit Breaker Selection Disconnect Switches Load-Break Switches Switchgear The Purpose of Transmission Line Protection Design Criteria for Transmission Line Protection Zones of Protection Primary and Backup Protection Reclosing Typical Relays Used on Transmission Lines Computer Applications in Protective Relaying References Problems Transmission System Reliability Basic Definitions National Electric Reliability Council Index of Reliability Section 209 of PURPA of 1978 Basic Probability Theory Combinational Analysis Probability Distributions Basic Reliability Concepts Systems with Repairable Components Reliability Evaluation of Complex Systems Markov Processes Transmission System Reliability Methods References Problems Part II: Mechanical Design and Analysis Construction of Overhead Lines Introduction Factors Affecting Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines Character of Line Route Right-of-Way Mechanical Loading Required Clearances Type of Supporting Structures Mechanical Calculations Grade of Construction Line Conductors Insulator Types Joint Use by Other Utilities Conductor Vibration Conductor Motion Caused by Fault Currents References Problems Sag and Tension Analysis Introduction Effect of Change in Temperature Line Sag and Tension Calculations Spans of Unequal Length: Ruling Span Effects of Ice and Wind Loading National Electric Safety Code Line Location Construction Techniques References Problems Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Overhead Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables Appendix B: Methods for Allocating Transmission Line Fixed Charges Among Joint Users Appendix C: New Trends and Regulation Appendix D: A Guide to the FERC Electric Transmission Facilities Permit Process Appendix E: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems Appendix F: Order No. 1000 of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Appendix G: Unit Conversions from the English System to SI System Appendix H: Unit Conversions from the SI System to English System Appendix I: Classroom Example to Select Conductors for an EHV Transmission Line Design Appendix J: Additional Solved Examples of Shunt Faults Appendix K: Additional Solved Examples of Shunt Faults Using MATLAB(R) Appendix L: Glossary for Transmission System Engineering Terminology Index