Hazard Analysis Techniques for System Safety

PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1. System Safety. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 System Safety Background. 1.3 System Safety Characterization. 1.4 System Safety Process. 1.5 System Concept. 1.6 Summary. 2. Hazards, Mishap, and Risk. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Hazard-Related Definitions. 2.3 Hazard Theory. 2.4 Hazard Actuation. 2.5 Hazard Causal Factors. 2.6 Hazard-Mishap Probability. 2.7 Recognizing Hazards. 2.8 Hazard Description. 2.9 Summary. 3. Hazard Analysis Types and Techniques. 3.1 Types and Techniques. 3.2 Description of Hazard Analysis Types. 3.3 Timing of Hazard Analysis Types. 3.4 Interrelationship of Hazard Analysis Types. 3.5 Hazard Analysis Techniques. 3.6 Inductive and Deductive Techniques. 3.7 Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques. 3.8 Summary. 4. Preliminary Hazard List. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Background. 4.3 History. 4.4 Theory. 4.5 Methodology. 4.6 Worksheet. 4.7 Hazard Checklists. 4.8 Guidelines. 4.9 Example: Ace Missile System. 4.10 Advantages and Disadvantages. 4.11 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 4.12 Summary. 5. Preliminary Hazard Analysis. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Background. 5.3 History. 5.4 Theory. 5.5 Methodology. 5.6 Worksheet. 5.7 Guidelines. 5.8 Example: Ace Missile System. 5.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 5.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 5.11 Summary. 6. Subsystem Hazard Analysis. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background. 6.3 History. 6.4 Theory. 6.5 Methodology. 6.6 Worksheet. 6.7 Guidelines. 6.8 Example: Ace Missile System. 6.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 6.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 6.11 Summary. 7. System Hazard Analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Background. 7.3 History. 7.4 Theory. 7.5 Methodology. 7.6 Worksheet. 7.7 Guidelines. 7.8 Example. 7.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 7.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 7.11 Summary. 8. Operating and Support Hazard Analysis. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Background. 8.3 History. 8.4 Definitions. 8.5 Theory. 8.6 Methodology. 8.7 Worksheet. 8.8 Hazard Checklists. 8.9 Support Tools. 8.10 Guidelines. 8.11 Examples. 8.12 Advantages and Disadvantages. 8.13 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 8.14 Summary. 9. Health Hazard Assessment. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Background. 9.3 History. 9.4 Theory. 9.5 Methodology. 9.6 Worksheet. 9.7 Checklist. 9.8 Example. 9.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 9.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 9.11 Summary. 10. Safety Requirements/Criteria Analysis. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Background. 10.3 History. 10.4 Theory. 10.5 Methodology. 10.6 Worksheets. 10.7 Example. 10.8 Advantages and Disadvantages. 10.9 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 10.10 Summary. 11. Fault Tree Analysis. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Background. 11.3 History. 11.4 Theory. 11.5 Methodology. 11.6 Functional Block Diagrams. 11.7 Cut Sets. 11.8 MOCUS Algorithm. 11.9 Bottom-Up Algorithm. 11.10 Mathematics. 11.11 Probability. 11.12 Importance Measures. 11.13 Example 1. 11.14 Example 2. 11.15 Example 3. 11.16 Phase- and Time-Dependent FTA. 11.17 Dynamic FTA. 11.18 Advantages and Disadvantages. 11.19 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 11.20 Summary. 12. Event Tree Analysis. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Background. 12.3 History. 12.4 Definitions. 12.5 Theory. 12.6 Methodology. 12.7 Worksheet. 12.8 Example 1. 12.9 Example 2. 12.10 Example 3. 12.11 Example 4. 12.12 Advantages and Disadvantages. 12.13 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 12.14 Summary. 13. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Background. 13.3 History. 13.4 Definitions. 13.5 Theory. 13.6 Methodology. 13.7 Worksheet. 13.8 Example 1: Hardware Product FMEA. 13.9 Example 2: Functional FMEA. 13.10 Level of Detail. 13.11 Advantages and Disadvantages. 13.12 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 13.13 Summary. 14. Fault Hazard Analysis. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Background. 14.3 History. 14.4 Theory. 14.5 Methodology. 14.6 Worksheet. 14.7 Example. 14.8 Advantages and Disadvantages. 14.9 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 14.10 Summary. 15. Functional Hazard Analysis. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Background. 15.3 History. 15.4 Theory. 15.5 Methodology. 15.6 Worksheets. 15.7 Example 1: Aircraft Flight Functions. 15.8 Example 2: Aircraft Landing Gear Software. 15.9 Example 3: Ace Missile System. 15.10 Advantages and Disadvantages. 15.11 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 15.12 Summary. 16. Sneak Circuit Analysis. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Background. 16.3 History. 16.4 Definitions. 16.5 Theory. 16.6 Methodology. 16.7 Example 1: Sneak Path. 16.8 Example 2: Sneak Label. 16.9 Example 3: Sneak Indicator. 16.10 Example Sneak Clues. 16.11 Software Sneak Circuit Analysis. 16.12 Advantages and Disadvantages. 16.13 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 16.14 Summary. 17. Petri Net Analysis (PNA). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Background. 17.3 History. 17.4 Definitions. 17.5 Theory. 17.6 Methodology. 17.7 Examples. 17.8 Advantages and Disadvantages. 17.9 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 17.10 Summary. 18. Markov Analysis. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Background. 18.3 History. 18.4 Definitions. 18.5 Theory. 18.6 Methodology. 18.7 Examples. 18.8 Markov Analysis and FTA Comparisons. 18.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 18.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 18.11 Summary. 19. Barrier Analysis. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Background. 19.3 History. 19.4 Definitions. 19.5 Theory. 19.6 Methodology. 19.6.1 Example Checklist of Energy Sources. 19.6.2 Considerations. 19.7 Worksheet. 19.8 Example. 19.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 19.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 19.11 Summary. 20. Bent Pin Analysis. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Background. 20.3 History. 20.4 Theory. 20.5 Methodology. 20.6 Worksheet. 20.7 Example. 20.8 Advantages and Disadvantages. 20.9 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 20.10 Summary. 21. Hazard and Operability Analysis. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Background. 21.3 History. 21.4 Theory. 21.5 Methodology. 21.5.1 Design Representations. 21.5.2 System Parameters. 21.5.3 Guide Words. 21.5.4 Deviation from Design Intent. 21.6 Worksheet. 21.7 Example 1. 21.8 Example 2. 21.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 21.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 21.11 Summary. 22. Cause-Consequence Analysis. 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Background. 22.3 History. 22.4 Definitions. 22.5 Theory. 22.6 Methodology. 22.7 Symbols. 22.8 Worksheet. 22.9 Example 1: Three-Component Parallel System. 22.10 Example 2: Gas Pipeline System. 22.10.1 Reducing Repeated Events. 22.11 Advantages and Disadvantages. 22.12 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 22.13 Summary. 23. Common Cause Failure Analysis. 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Background. 23.3 History. 23.4 Definitions. 23.5 Theory. 23.6 Methodology. 23.7 Defense Mechanisms. 23.8 Example. 23.9 Models. 23.10 Advantages and Disadvantages. 23.11 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 23.12 Summary. 24. Management Oversight Risk Tree Analysis. 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Background. 24.3 History. 24.4 Theory. 24.5 Methodology. 24.6 Worksheet. 24.7 Advantages and Disadvantages. 24.8 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 24.9 Summary. 25. Software Safety Assessment. 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Background. 25.3 History. 25.4 Theory. 25.5 Methodology. 25.6 Worksheet. 25.7 Software Risk Level. 25.8 Example. 25.9 Advantages and Disadvantages. 25.10 Common Mistakes to Avoid. 25.11 Summary. 26. Summary. 26.1 Principle 1: Hazards, Mishaps, and Risk are Not Chance Events. 26.2 Principle 2: Hazards are Created During Design. 26.3 Principle 3: Hazards are Comprised of Three Components. 26.4 Principle 4: Hazard and Mishap Risk Management Is the Core Safety Process. 26.5 Principle 5: Hazard Analysis Is a Key Element of Hazard and Mishap Risk Management. 26.6 Principle 6: Hazard Management Involves Seven Key Hazard Analysis Types. 26.7 Principle 7: Hazard Analysis Primarily Encompasses Seven Hazard Analysis Techniques. 26.8 Finis. Appendix A: List of Acronyms. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Hazard Checklists. Index.