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This chapter provides an up-to-date review of complex cellular transition steps in Pezizomycotina, from the differentiation of reproductive cells to the development of the fructification. Initiation of sexual reproduction in the sordariomycete Arachniotus albicans, as it is for several ascomycetes, is clearly not dependent on a particular pH range. In many fungi, light is one of the prominent physical factors controlling sexual reproduction, either by stimulating or inhibiting the formation of reproductive structures. Although most Pezizomycotina can be classified as self-compatible or self-incompatible, some species present peculiar mating characteristics. There are several studies showing that pheromone and pheromone receptors are essential for the fusion of the trichogyne with the male cell in self-incompatible filamentous ascomycetes. Recent data have begun to shed light on the various molecular processes occurring during sexual reproduction in filamentous Ascomycetes. In addition to the well-known variety of body plan exhibited by Pezizomycotina fruiting bodies, sequencing has uncovered a large set of mating-type structures, all based on a common pattern. Indeed, it is now well established that MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2 genes control fertilization by using pheromone/receptor genes in self-incompatible Pezizomycotina, but little is known about their roles after fertilization. The few indications that come from Podospora anserina, N. crassa, and C. heterostrophus indicate that they control the formation of biparental ascogenous hyphae and meiosis.