Digital twins: towards future smartness

Digital twin (DT) technology is an advanced concept replicating physical systems in a virtual environment, enabling enhanced monitoring and optimisation. The implementation of DT relies on three core domains: data collection, data processing and data presentation. Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things, robotics, and drones form the foundation of data collection. Big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence drive intelligent data processing. Reality technologies and holographic communications provide immersive visualisation of DT outputs. These technologies must be developed with security-by-design principles to foster consumer trust and confidence. Moreover, achieving true 'smartness' in DT requires a holistic approach that integrates environmental sustainability, global economic considerations and user experience throughout the design, development and implementation process.