The Evans–Barbosa Network Theory (EB-NET): A Cross-Scale Framework for Network Structure in Natural Systems

The Evans–Barbosa Network Theory (EB-NET) proposes a cross-scale conceptual framework for comparing the structural properties of large-scale cosmic networks with those of biological and terrestrial complex systems. EB-NET does not claim direct physical equivalence between these systems; instead, it argues that many natural networks—cosmic filaments, neuronal connectomes, mycelial webs, river basins, vascular systems, and electrical discharge trees—appear to converge on similar topological patterns due to shared spatial, energetic, and optimisation constraints. This paper presents EB-NET as a theoretical model aimed at guiding future interdisciplinary research. We outline a set of measurable network metrics, describe a common methodological framework, and propose falsifiable predictions that could support or refute the theory. We also introduce the EB-Earth Division, a classification of terrestrial natural networks used for comparison throughout the paper. EB-NET is intended not as a final explanation but as an organising conceptual tool for future empirical investigation.