THE PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION IN HERBAL NANOPARTICLES

Herbal medicines have long been central to ancient healing systems such as Ayurvedic medicine, the Siddha therapeutic tradition, and the heritage healthcare system of China, offering therapeutic benefits with comparatively fewer side effects. Advances in nanotechnology have provided innovative strategies to overcome these challenges by incorporating herbal bioactives into nanometric therapeutic delivery platforms, including polymer-based nanocarriers and solid-lipid nanostructures,metallic and ceramic nanoparticles, and green-synthesized nanocarriers. These systems enhance solubility, protect unstable phytoconstituents, prolong circulation time, and enable targeted and controlled release. Various preparation techniques—such as green synthesis, coacervation, salting-out, solvent diffusion-emulsification, supercritical fluid processing, and high-pressure homogenization—offer versatile approaches for developing efficient nanocarriers. Characterization tools such as SEM, TEM, DLS, AFM, BET analysis, and particle-size analyzers ensure accurate evaluation of nanoparticle properties critical