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The narrow courtyard houses in the rural areas of Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province, China, are a spatial representation of the long-term interaction of multiple influencing factors. This study, based on 716 questionnaires and 125 semi-structured interviews, comprehensively employed typology, qualitative analysis, comprehensive fuzzy evaluation, and grey correlation degree analysis methods to analyze the spatial evolution process of 125 typical samples since 1949. The results of research show: (1) In terms of spatial form, the narrow courtyard houses have evolved along a “from single to multiple, from horizontal to vertical, from open to closed” path. Their core has shifted from the symbolic “courtyard” to the functional “hall”, and the value of the main and auxiliary spaces has also undergone reconstruction, reflecting a modern transformation from “priority of etiquette” to “life quality orientation”. (2) The driving path starts from the institutional traction during the “survival stage”, then shifts to the economic dominance during the “growth stage”, and finally turns to the policy guidance and quality pursuit in the “life stage”, which are all coordinated. Policy and industrial structure are the core macro driving forces that run through the entire process. (3) Overall, the modernization transformation of the narrow courtyard houses is a dynamic process driven by external factors, with its path gradually shifting from the traditional endogenous model to external promotion and towards a diversified balance; however, the current “vacuum” state of cultural concepts reveals that the modernization of rural houses is still in the transitional stage between old and new paradigms. Based on this, the core of future rural house construction lies in achieving an internal reshaping from functional form to cultural value, guiding the spatial form to move from “disorderly exploration” to the organic generation of a “new paradigm”, providing a sustainable spatial paradigm for rural revitalization.